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Interview with Judith Butler

1. It’s my pleasure to have the chance to interview you by email in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. Let me start by asking how you feel about your unceasing popularity in South Korea. Since 2008, after your interview here, seventeen of your books have been translated and still being translated into Korean, and I myself am honored to be the translator of Gender Trouble, which has been hugely influential in academia as well as in public sphere.

JB: I am most grateful to you, Professor Cho, for all the work you have done to bring Gender Trouble into Korean. I am very honored by the reception and hope that one day I will be able to visit there and be in conversation with students and faculty who are interested in feminism, gender studies, and social and political philosophy. I see that both of our countries are suffering right now.

2. We are well-aware of your continuous interest in gender and queer politics, sexuality, and political ethics; you produced a lot of books with various theoretical and practical implications. If it is possible to configure that your early theoretical orientation towards politics without any identities of gender and sexuality might recently undergo a change of focus to more or less the ethical and practical politics after 9/11, how do you assess this turn, an intensification of “performativity theory” or a setting-up of new agenda for political ethics? What do you think is the differential relation or non-relation between ethics and politics? How would you react to critical comments that this change of focus might demonstrate a sort of ethicalization of politics, or simply, a turn to ethics?

JB: Thank you for this important question. When I wrote Gender Trouble, I was working with a Foucaultian understanding of the subject. The subject was produced by power. My argument was that the gendered subject was produced within a heterosexual matrix, what would not be called heteronormative. The domain of social life was basically understood through the idea of social norms. There were norms that orchestrated, without determining, the ways that gender can be lived. I mentioned briefly that one is called by gender categories by others, but I did not consider in a thorough enough way how that power of social address really works. Do others define me, or is it enough to say that norms define me? How do I come to understand the address of the other, the social norms that circulate, and the effect it has upon the formation and feeling of the subject? The domain of ethics takes seriously the place of the other in my own definition. I do not define myself. I depend upon the ways that others name and define me at the same time that I can come to contest those names and definitions. That is both an ethical relationship and a relationship of power. If I were only to argue that no one should define me, then I would be misunderstanding the primary ways that we are dependent on the language given to us by the other. We are born into a strange language, one that does not belong to us, and we do not have the power to recreate language in a way that breaks with every prior form and practice of language. This is an ethical scene precisely because there are obligations implied by this relationship. If I want to ask how I ought to be treated, or if I want to make a demand to be called by a certain name and regarded as a certain gender, then I depend upon the responsiveness of the one to whom I direct my claim, my demand. So there is this other relation, the one in which we are responsive to one another and assume the obligation to sustain each other's life, and to respect the ways in which we are asked to regard a life, because that respect is life-sustaining.

3. I really liked your new book published in February this year, The Force of Nonviolence. For me, this book amounts to a powerful attempt to establish the nonviolent ethics, a sequel as well as a conclusion of what you did since Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly. Can you tell us more about the idea of non-violence philosophy less as a failure to act than as a claim of life, especially with its relevance to the concept of what you call “an egalitarian imaginary”? Where would you place this book in your ongoing commitment to the politics of theory?

JB: I do not know very much about the politics of theory except to say that it is sometimes important to open up an imaginary horizon precisely when it has been brutally closed down by economic and political powers. So if I seek to imagine a world in which lives are treated as equally valuable, I temporarily take leave of this world, enter into an imagined world, and convey through language why it is we should wish to build such a world, and inhabit it. Theory is not under any obligation to describe reality as it is. It must depart from the historical situation in which one lives. In English, we take the historical situation as the point of departure, the origin. But we also depart in the sense of taking leave. So my defense of non-violence is usually called unrealistic, and this gives me some pleasure, and indicates to me that my argument may well be working! I am seeking to break with that idea of political realism that says in the name of self-interest we are prone to destroy others who threaten us. This argument, though, depends either on a notion of the individual self or the national (or racial) sense of self. But if our "selves" are intersections of relations both local and global (as the pandemic makes clear), then any violence I commit against another is against myself, and the living relation that binds us.

4. I am not sure whether you are familiar with what has been going on in feminism and queer camp in South Korea. Right now, there is a growing concern about conflictual confrontations between radical feminists and queer theorists. When it comes to the history of feminist and queer movement in Korea, the first wave of feminism in academia in the 1980’s, after the second wave of feminism strongly supported by young female students in colleges during the 1990’s, leads to the third wave of feminisms exploding online since 2010’s on. There are certainly generational gaps and differences of conceptualization concerning the goal and method of the movement, and the forms of alliances. What’s happening here is the conflict of interests among different feminists, and the antagonism between radical feminists and queer communities; radical feminism declares a feminism without queers. The so-called TERF(Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist) groups attempt to exclude LGBT communities from the feminist alliance against patriarchal, male-oriented, highly misogynic Korean society. Do you think it is inevitable? What do you think would be the possible way-out of such a mutually-destructive confrontation?

JB: It is very sad to hear that the trans-exclusionary groups have so twisted the anti- discriminatory aims of feminism to serve the purposes of explicit discrimination. A feminism that is in favor of equality and freedom cannot be transexclusionary. There is no such thing as a transexclusionary feminism if we take feminism to be an opposition to all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender. One of the most liberatory dimensions of feminist theory was the reflection on categories such as woman and man. We struggled against the received definitions that were based on hierarchy and restriction. For so many women, if they were strong and assertive, they felt that they lost their femininity. But feminism allowed them to expand their idea of what a woman is and can be. And it allowed all of us to refute the notion that biology determines our social destinies: our political freedoms, our work, and our ways of desiring and loving. The gender assigned at birth is not always right. Although anatomy exists, nothing about anatomy determines what gender we understand ourselves to be. That understanding is both profoundly subjective and historical, and for many trans people, men and women, and those who are non-binary (like myself), the sense of gender cannot be prescribed by medical authorities or even the feminist movement in its authoritarian mode. So we have to continue to struggle for gender freedom and equality, which means a strong alliance between feminism, queer activism, and the trans movement. I would add that we need to be part of anti-nationalist and anti-capitalist campaigns if we are truly committed to equality.

5. In the same vein, last February, a transgender student, who got admitted to Sookmyung Women’s University,’ a renowned institution of female higher education in Korea, withdrew from the school unable to bear the enormous pressures including public stigmatization and hate speeches from the students and the alliance of TERF students in six women’s universities in Seoul. She says: “I am really scared of what’s happening around me now. I was frightened by all the derogatory words and harsh actions of those who opposed to my admission. Sadly, they do not even allow me to lay a foot on the ground for the reason that I am not a proper woman.” I would like to share your view on it, taking account of the political conflicts between the third wave of feminism and queers in South Korea. How can we think of the conflicts in terms of theoretical and practical side?

JB: I thought the whole idea of feminism was to oppose the idea of "the proper woman"! Who is to say who is a proper woman? If a trans woman is preoperative and still has a penis, that does not mean that she identifies with that penis or that "having a penis" is itself a source of danger. The problem of sexual violence and rape has to so with the violent use of one body against another, and that violence is not the result of the body part. That body part serves the purposes of that violence. Let us also remember that violence takes place not only as a physical blow, an act of rape, or sexual violation. Of course, it too often takes those forms, and we should all oppose sexual violence publically and clearly. But there are other forms of violence: institutional, social, structural, and symbolic. And we have to oppose those as well. The trans student you describe was subject to a different kind of violence:
intimidation, harassment, censorship. And her ability to seek an education under conditions that were best for her was thwarted by those who mistake trans people as their enemies. We should all be learning much more about trans lives so that our decisions are not based on speculation, ignorance, and fear.

6. Back to your research and academic activities, I know that you have been building, not only as a theorist of gender and feminism but also as an active intellectual dedicated to politics, a global network of theorists and institutions including those of Asian connections. For me, it seems like a really huge project. Could you introduce a bit about the project and how it stands now? How crucial is it for you to imagine and materialize the global network of theory?

JB: I have been part of the International Consortium of Critical Theory Programs, a network that includes more than 500 programs dedicated to critical thought, broadly understood. In the face of an increasing number of universities that seek to devalue critical thought or who mandate that university researchers support and ratify state policies, it is more important than ever to make clear why critical theory is such an important interdisciplinary field. Of course, we are all indebted to the influential work of the Frankfurt School, but that is only one version of critical thought. We seek to build a more global picture with our website and our activities, including the journal, Critical Times, and the book series, Critical South. It is also important for the US and Europe to stop assuming that they are the center of theoretical activities. The way that debt, nationalism, racism, and gender are considered in East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, and Africa, for instance, implies very different frameworks for understanding the historical conditions of oppression and imagining our way forward.

7. We are now facing a radical challenge to entirely transform our ways of life and thinking in capitalist society in the midst of worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 virus. Especially, lots of universities are desperately coping with the mandatory transformations in the methods of education and recruiting. I also have to procure several video lectures online every week and make myself available on screen in real-time long distant classrooms. This seems to me just a piece of changes we are probably going to confront in the near future, either virus-driven or AI-driven. What would be the big difference in our daily lives after the wave of COVID-19? How much do you think are we prepared for what would happen in our individual and communal exchanges in the era of the post-COVID capitalism?

JB: I believe it is important not to "normalize" the long-distance teaching protocols, that is, to get used to them so that they can replace the in-person seminar and lecture. After all, learning happens not simply by transporting information from a teacher to a student, but through the exchange, the ongoing connection, the meeting inside and outside of class. A different dynamic happens in the seminar and the lecture where people gather. We should not underestimate how important gathering is for education and for politics. So we can use this time to study our world, to further our connections online, if that is possible, but also to anticipate the intensification of social and economic inequality that seems to be the effect of this disease. The online teaching protocols act as if we do nothing other than convey information, when what we often do is engage in forms of collective or collaborative thinking and writing. We will have to fight for higher education now that so many universities are losing income and looking for ways to cut. Teachers are also essential laborers, and thinking and writing are essential knowledge practices. As much as we have every right to demand that governments give us information and provide good guidelines on daily practices and safe working conditions, we have every reason to push back against modes of surveillance that serve the authoritarian aims of the state. I see that in some countries, in the name of public health, there is an attack on trans health rights, on reproductive freedoms, and women are expected to assume housework and care activities during the time of the pandemic, no matter whether they are trying to hold down a job outside the home. There are also fantasies of the household as a "safe space" but we know that lockdown also intensifies domestic violence, so we will need to revise our understanding of the politics of the household going forward. Given that so many people - an increasing number - do not have proper shelter, or never had good health care (especially under hyper-capitalist regimes), our struggles should be linked. We can take this time to build new alliances, and look forward to the time when gathering becomes possible.

8. Last but not least, do you have any special message for feminist colleagues, queer comrades, and avid readers of your books in Korea?

JB: I thank you very much for reading my work and I am sorry if it seemed very difficult. My friends once gave me a button to wear that says "worth the agony!". I am not sure whether my books are worth the agony. Perhaps it takes some twisting and turning to arrive at a new way of thinking. My readers are absent company, and accompaniment is what gets us through difficult times. I remain grateful for your willingness to engage. But take my ideas and make them into your own, steal what is good, and leave the rest. Move forward in your own way, taking from all the texts and cultural works that move and support you, and make your own network of thought as you go, and link it to the struggles that are far from over.